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46 Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, 35 – 36 ; Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman,
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History (Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2006), 68 – 69.

47 Michel Jacq-Hergoualc’h, The Malay Peninsula: Crossroad of the Maritime Silk Road (100
BC – 1300 AD), translated by Victoria Hobson (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 231.
48 Geoff Wade, “Beyond the Southern Borders: Southeast Asia in Chinese Texts to the Ninth
Century,” in Lost Kingdom: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, ed. by John Guy
(Bangkok: River Books, 2014), 29.
49 Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, “Hindu and Buddhist Art in Northern Peninsula

Malaysia,” In Proceeding of the seminar on Thailand-Malaysia: Malay Peninsula Archaeology Program
(Bangkok: Fine Arts Department, 2005), 174 ; Alastair Lamb, “Kedah and Takuapa: Some Tentative
Historical Conclusions,” In Miscellaneous paper on early Hindu and Buddhist Settlement in Southern
Thailand. From Federation Museums Journal (Vol. 6, New Series, 1961), 78.

50 Rahman, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, 65 ; หม่อมเจ้าสุภัทรดิศ ดิศกุล,
ประวัติศาสตร์เอเชียอาคเนย์ถึง พ.ศ. 2000, 28.
51 Debala Mitra, Buddhist Monuments (Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad, 1971), 236.
52 John Guy, Lost Kingdom: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia (New York:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014), 20 ; Rahman, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History,
106.

53 Guy, Lost Kingdom: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, 74.
54 Rahman, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, 96.
55 Ibid., 106 ; Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, 274 ; Rahman 2006: 106 ; Rahman, “Hindu
and Buddhist Art in Northern Peninsula Malaysia,” In Proceeding of the seminar on Thailand-Malaysia:
Malay Peninsula Archaeology Program, 165.

56 Rahman, “Hindu and Buddhist Art in Northern Peninsula Malaysia,” In Proceeding of the
seminar on Thailand-Malaysia: Malay Peninsula Archaeology Program, 159 – 160.
57 Zolkurnian Hassan, Stephen Chia and Hamid Mohd Isa, “Survey and Excavation of an
Ancient Monument in Sungai Batu, Bujang Valley, Kedah, Malaysia,” in Bujang Valley and Early
Civilizations in Southeast Asia, ed. By Stephen Chia and Barbara Watson Andaya (Malaysia:
Department of National Heritage, 2011).

58 Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, 279 – 280 ; Rahman, The Encyclopedia of Malaysia:
Early History, 81.
59 Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, 119, 278.
60 Gungwu, “The Nanhai Trade: a study of the early history of Chinese trade in the South

China sea,” Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society: 120 - 121.
61 O.W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca,
New York: Cornell University Press, 1967), 165.

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